I was six months pregnant when a smiling stranger on a bus asked where I was delivering. Within minutes, this woman was sharing intimate details of her own birthing experience—the water breaking, the contractions that failed to get closer together, and the way her doctor deftly sewed up the four-inch incision from her Cesarean section. “Im telling you, this guy was good,” she said. “Next time, Im just scheduling my C-section. None of this pushing stuff.”
I reached my stop before I could probe her for more specifics. But, I have to admit, her ringing endorsement made C-sections seem pretty appealing. After all, for most of us, the thought of pushing a baby through a centimeters-wide opening is at least daunting, if not downright terrifying. And, the fact is, a C-section is so routine these days that many regard it as simply an alternative to vaginal delivery, not major abdominal surgery.
Except thats exactly what it is. And today, one in three babies are born via C, according to the most recent data—a 50% increase over the previous decade. “We think the rate is going to go up even more,” says Hope Ricciotti, MD, associate professor of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology at Harvard Medical School in Boston.
When the procedure is needed—when the mother or baby is in distress or other factors make a vaginal delivery hazardous—it can be a lifesaver. But only about 5% of C-sections are true emergencies, estimates George Macones, MD, chairman of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. Around 3% are completely elective, meaning theres no medical reason whatsoever, but the vast majority of C-sections actually fall into a gray zone: the baby looks big, mom is past her due date, labor isnt progressing well.
A growing group of critics are now questioning whether so many of these healthy pregnancies should be topped off with surgery. “Theres no question that theres a basic, irreducible number of C-sections we need to do for womens health,” Dr. Ricciotti says. “But theres also no question that were doing too many in the United States.”
It takes at least four weeks to recover from a Cesarean section—which involves cutting through the skin, tissue, and uterine wall, extracting the baby and placenta, and sewing the incision—compared with one or two weeks for vaginal deliveries. The surgery carries with it the risk of infection, blood loss, and blood clots, as well as other potentially fatal complications.
While weve all heard that type A moms and profit-seeking doctors are fueling this trend, the truth is far more complex. Heres the real story, and what every woman needs to know before she gets pregnant.
Next Page: Why c-sections are so hot [ pagebreak ]Why c-sections are so hot
Reason #1: Better technology is picking up more potential problems.
From third-trimester ultrasounds that predict the size of the baby to monitors that check the babys heart rate during labor and delivery, obstetricians and hospitals rely on technology more than ever to flag potential problems during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. If theres a hint of trouble, theyre more likely to play it safe and do a Cesarean, Dr. Macones says. “Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate came into being in the 1970s and is likely a big contributor to the increase in C-sections,” he says. “Doctors today are more inclined to do a C-section if there is anything of concern."
Reason #2: Moms are older.
More women are waiting later to have children, and “C-sections increase with [maternal] age,” Dr. Macones says. Older women have more medical problems that can complicate delivery, have a more difficult time pushing a baby out, and are more likely to ask for Cs, he notes.
On top of that, the fertility treatments that many older women use to get pregnant lead to more twins, triplets, etc.—and multiples often demand a surgical delivery. “Its very hard to predict how the second baby will come out,” says Owen Montgomery, MD, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the Drexel University College of Medicine, noting that complicated positions are more common among multiples. Plus, after a trial published in The Lancet in 2002 found that delivering a breech baby (one whose head is up high and feet or butt are positioned to come out first) by C-section is safer for the fetus, the surgery became the default method for delivering multiples, regardless of the position of the babies.
Reason #3: More of todays moms-to-be are overweight.
Pregnant women with body mass indexes of 30 or higher are more likely to require C-sections. And today 34 percent of women over the age of 20 fit into this “clinically obese” category, compared with 26 percent a decade or so ago, according to the American Heart Association. “Heavier women have bigger babies,” which are tougher to push out, Dr. Ricciotti says. Whats more, too much fatty tissue can prevent the baby from moving smoothly through the birth canal and keep the body from absorbing medications designed to speed labor along. Obese women also have more medical problems, like diabetes and high blood pressure, which might require induction of labor, setting them up for unwanted Cs (see below).
Reason #4: More inductions means more C-sections.
Whats the problem with inducing labor? The process doesnt always work as well as natural labor, so in those cases theres a 35 to 50 percent chance that youll need a Cesarean, Dr. Montgomery estimates. Inducing with drugs, manually stripping the membranes connecting the amniotic sac to the uterine walls, or rupturing the amniotic sac to cause contractions doesnt always do the job. And with inductions at an all-time high, making up more than 22 percent of births, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), it follows that Cesareans have spiked, too.
Reason #5: One C-section leads to another.
Once you have a C-section, doctors generally advise that you have one with subsequent deliveries. Vaginal birth after a Cesarean (VBAC), which used to be widely available, is rarely performed these days, after a 1999 study showed a slight chance that the scar could give way, posing “a catastrophic risk to the mother and baby,” Dr. Ricciotti says. Around that time, ACOG recommended that doctors perform VBACs only in centers that can provide emergency C-sections, explains Jeffrey V. Spencer, MD, a fetal-medicine specialist at the Anne Arundel Medical Center in Annapolis, Maryland. Plus, there are liability concerns for doctors if a VBAC goes wrong.
This trend may reverse itself, however. “Multiple C-sections have risks as well, such as injury due to hardened scar tissue and a greater risk that [in subsequent pregnancies] the placenta will implant abnormally,” Dr. Macones says. In March, the National Institutes of Health will re-evaluate whether VBACs should be more widely available.
Next Page: Are c's really riskier? [ pagebreak ]
Are cs really riskier?
Theres really no way to 100% know which is a safer way to deliver. “Unequivocally, I can state that the safest method is an uncomplicated vaginal delivery,” says Catherine Spong, MD, chief of the pregnancy and perinatology branch of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda, Maryland. “That said, we dont know who will wind up having an uncomplicated vaginal delivery.”
Dr. Macones, who led a large study on VBACs last year that found it was impossible to determine whether a vaginal delivery would be safe for women who had had a prior Cesarean, seconds Dr. Spongs assessment. “It is hard to get a great comparison of vaginal versus Cesarean, mainly because there are so many factors that go into the decision to have one or the other,” he explains. Scientists have batted around the idea of conducting a study that would compare a planned vaginal birth with a planned C-section. But such a trial would have to control for all sorts of variables, and, even more daunting, Dr. Spong says, “youd need people whod be willing to have their birth method chosen for them randomly by a computer.” That, experts say, may not happen anytime soon.
What Every Woman Needs to Know
When a normal pregnancy takes a turn for the worse, few procedures work better or are easier for doctors to master than a C-section. And that has helped the in-case-of-emergency route become a safe route at the first sign of any trouble, says Atul Gawande, MD, a general and endocrine surgeon at Bostons Brigham and Womens Hospital and author of Better: A Surgeons Notes on Performance.
Brettne Bloom, a 34-year-old literary agent in New York City, is grateful to have had a Cesarean. When her doctor found that her baby had stopped growing three weeks before her due date, she delivered via C. “I just feel so lucky to live at a time when C-sections are relatively simple procedures,” says Bloom, whose daughter Eloisa is now a healthy 2-year-old. “I didnt care how she arrived in the world as long as she was safe.”
Thats what every mom-to-be wants: a healthy baby. So if youre pregnant, schedule a conversation with your OB and ask, “Whats your philosophy about C-sections?” Dr. Montgomery advises. Get your doctors opinion on whats safe and within your control, because you may be asked to OK a gray-area C at the eleventh hour. The more informed you are, the better and safer delivery youll have—whether its via a Cesarean section or not.